Buddhism talk 夢參老和尚《了生死》

Original Vow of Earth Treasure Bodhisattva Sutra

After understanding the goals and principles of the Buddha’s teachings, we need to deepen our understanding of the Dharma.  What is the Dharma?  It is the true reality of life and the universe, all the teachings of the Buddhas, which are included in sutras.  These ancient textbooks documented all of the Buddha’s teachings and were recorded by his students.  The most basic one of Mahayana Buddhism is the Original Vow of Earth Treasure Bodhisattva Sutra.  It can be regarded as a textbook for first grade students, within which, the truth was clearly explained, not with spoken language but with emissions of light.  The sutra, as told by Buddha Shakyamuni, begins with his emitting infinite bright lights called:

1. Great Perfection Brightness Cloud,

2. Great Compassion Brightness Cloud,

3. Great Wisdom Brightness Cloud,

4. Great Prajna Brightness Cloud,

5. Great Samadhi Brightness Cloud,

6. Great Auspicious Brightness Cloud,

7. Great  Good Fortune Brightness Cloud,

8. Great Merit Brightness Cloud

9. Great Refuge Brightness Cloud,

10. Great Praise Brightness Cloud. 

Although ten kinds are given, it does not mean that there are only ten.  The number ten is regarded as a symbol of perfection, a complete cycle symbolizing infinity. 

What is called perfection in the Earth Treasure Sutra is called infinity in the Infinite Life Sutra.  Not only can life be infinite, everything can be infinite!  However, of all the infinities, that of life is the most important.  We may have boundless wealth and immeasurable good fortune, but how can we enjoy them if we do not have sufficient lifespans?  Therefore, the Pure Land School uses “infinite life” to symbolize all infinities.  In the Earth Treasure Sutra, the ten Brightness Clouds represent this concept.  “One is all, and all is one” clearly explains the infinite cosmos and life.

Upon what did the Buddha base his teachings of life and the universe?  First is the Great Perfection Brightness Cloud.  The great perfection of Esoteric Buddhism is the true self-nature in Chinese Buddhism.  The true self-nature is great perfection.  The following nine clouds of compassion, wisdom, etc. are perfect, everything is perfect.  This great perfection is our own innate, true self-nature.  It was from this initial point that the Buddha imparted the infinite teachings to us, thus revealing the true nature of all phenomena in the universe.  Everything that the Buddha taught is innate to us.  It is the original true self-nature within each of us.  The purpose of his forty-nine years of teaching was to help us to learn how to live happy and fulfilling lives.  This unique and complete education is for all sentient beings and is much more vast and extensive than our modern educational system.    

People work hard everyday.  What drives them to get up early in the morning and work long hours before coming home?  It is the pursuit of prestige and wealth, especially wealth.  Would people continue to work if they could not receive money or some degree of prestige after having worked for a whole day?  It is most unlikely.  Most would become listless and unwilling to work.  Therefore, for most people, the driving force in our society is wealth, followed by prestige. 

Buddhas and Bodhisattvas desire neither wealth nor fame yet they work harder than we do.  What is the driving force behind this conscientious teaching while expecting nothing in return?  It is the second Brightness Cloud, the Great Compassion Brightness Cloud.  It is like a mother’s love for her children, especially her newborn baby, but it is more profound in depth.  A mother does so out of natural love and compassion, asking for nothing in return.  This love is called a heart of compassion.  The compassion of the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas towards all sentient beings is boundless, unconditional and universal.  It is the eternal driving force that compels them to help all sentient beings.  Therefore, the Great Compassion Brightness Cloud follows the Great Perfection Brightness Cloud.

In order to teach others, we practice cultivation as well as encouraging others to do likewise.  We do so to sincerely introduce Buddhism to other people.  What is our driving force?  Compassion.  But if we do so for wealth or fame, then it is purely business and this is totally wrong for it totally violates the very spirit of Buddhism.

In fact, the circulation of the teachings, including sutras and reference works should be unconditional.  Copyrighted materials do not accord with the true spirit of Buddhism.  Every time I am presented with a Buddhist book, I first check for the copyright page.  If it says “This book is protected by copyright; any unauthorized printing of this book shall lead to punishment”, I will not read the book.  If asked why I do not want to read it, my answer is that any true and good knowledge should benefit others unconditionally and that reprinting should be allowed.  It would be a waste of time and energy to read copyrighted books.  Only the writings of those who are broadminded and kind-hearted and who sincerely practice what they teach deserve to be read and studied.  How can we expect a narrow-minded, profit-seeking person to write good things and conclude them with the great perfection?

Compassion is built on rationale and is free of emotions.  To be otherwise, it is delusion and therefore is wrong.  There are two Buddhist sayings, “Compassion is the essence; accommodating means are the way to guide people with different capacities”.  The other seemingly says the complete opposite, “Unwise compassion often incurs misfortunes and accommodating means often leads to immorality”.  The reason behind this apparent contradiction is that if we ignore rationality and instead yield to emotion, compassion then often results in misfortune while doing favors for someone gives rise to immorality.  Hence, this is followed by the Great Wisdom Brightness Cloud, the third of the ten great perfections.  Perfect wisdom gives rise to perfect compassion.  Wisdom is the method of convenience.  Only by wisely utilizing various methods of wisdom and compassion, can we help sentient beings be enlightened and freed from sufferings.

The next brightness cloud is the Great Prajna (Intuitive Wisdom) Brightness Cloud.  What is the difference between intuitive wisdom and wisdom?  The Great Wisdom Sutra states, “Prajna innocence, knowing everything”.  It is intuitive wisdom without knowing and yet knowing everything.  Without knowing is intuitive wisdom; knowing everything is wisdom.  In other words, one is essence and the other is function.  From a different perspective, wisdom is the knowledge of things and the realization of truth.  Intuitive wisdom, our original wisdom, is that which can free people from worries and afflictions.  Acquired wisdom is that which can interpret all phenomena in the universe.  It arises from the original wisdom.  If we cannot completely attain the great perfection of the universe, how can we teach about it to others? 

When worries are completely eradicated and ignorance dispelled, we can attain our own great perfection and restore our original ability.  From that point on, we are in a state of total awareness and capable of doing everything, we are omniscient and omnipotent.  The brightness clouds of wisdom and intuitive wisdom contain profound meanings and are the perfect complete wisdom.

How do we attain wisdom?  It is innate to our self-nature, but it is now covered.  Where is it?  The        Buddha told us that it is not permanently lost just temporarily lost.  When we reach enlightenment, we can uncover this wisdom.  Then how can we free ourselves from delusion and recover our original ability?  One method taught by Buddha Shakyamuni is deep concentration, which is also called the Great Samadhi Brightness Cloud.  Samadhi is another transliteration from Sanskrit meaning the proper enjoyment, which has the same meaning as deep concentration.

Buddhism emphasizes cultivation or correcting our thoughts and behavior.  It is to correct everything that arises from our body, mouth and mind, the three karmas of erroneous behavior, speech and thoughts.  To correct the three karmas, we start from the mind as the Zen School teaches, “cultivation should start from the root”.  What is the root?  The mind.  If our mind is proper then our thoughts, speech and behavior will likewise be proper.  

In Buddhism, there are innumerable methods of practice.  All of these methods are ways for concentration in cultivation.  Not only the Zen School emphasizes concentration in cultivation.  All the schools do, although they may not all use the term meditation. 

Pure Land Buddhism calls it One Mind Undisturbed or purity of mind.  Esoteric Buddhism explains it as Three Mystic Practices, the three karmas of body, speech and mind corresponding to those of the Buddha.  Used here corresponding means concentration.  We can see that various schools emphasize the same principles.  They simply use different terms to describe it.  Therefore, since all lead to the same goal, all methods are equal and no one method is better than another.

We can choose whichever method best fits our manner of living and level of achievement and understanding.  The most important point is to concentrate on just one method.  The more methods we try to follow, the more confused we will become.  The more confused we are, the more difficult it is to succeed.  This is very important, as samadhi or deep concentration, is the key to success in our learning and cultivation.  We explain these as the Three Learnings of precepts or self-discipline, deep concentration and wisdom.  Self-discipline leads to deep concentration.  From deep concentration arises wisdom.  Therefore, intuitive wisdom arises from deep concentration.  This deep concentration in our self-nature is called the Great Samadhi Brightness Cloud.

Of the ten brightness clouds, the first five explain fundamental principles and the latter five explain the methods.  The fundamental principles are the basis of Buddha Shakyamuni’s teachings.  The following are the five methods. 

First is the Great Auspicious Brightness Cloud.  What does auspicious mean?  For most of us, auspicious means to get what we deserve.  If we obtain what we do not deserve, then it is not auspicious.  The meaning of auspicious in Buddhism is much more profound: throughout the universal existence, nothing is beyond our knowledge and experience.  This is great auspiciousness.  For example, when we are mindful of Buddha Amitabha and vow to be born into the Western Pure Land, we will attain birth into the Western Pure Land.  If we vow to be born into the Flower Adornment World, we will attain the stage of awakening of Buddha Vairocana.  This is the original meaning of auspicious. 

In our world, Buddha Shakyamuni taught different methods for different levels of understanding and this is the utmost auspiciousness.  First, the Buddha’s teachings never contradict the true reality of life and the universe.  Second, the Buddha always adapted his teachings to fit the audience’s level of comprehension.  His teachings would be a failure if they proved to be incomprehensible for the listeners or if they were too simple and boring.  Neither of these would be auspicious.  Therefore, the appropriate teaching is most auspicious.  The Buddha conveys all he wishes to: we hear all that we can understand and absorb.  This is the utmost, the greatest and perfect auspiciousness.

Nowadays, people pursue wealth, knowledge, health and long life.  This is called good fortune.  If the Buddha asks us to learn and practice Buddhism but we do not receive what he said we would, then we will reject the teachings.  Why?  If we cannot get what we wish for now, how can we believe we will receive what is promised to us for the next life?  It is all too distant and uncertain.  When will we get to enjoy the promised great reward?  However, if we can receive benefits now, we will be much more likely to believe in the promise of even greater rewards in the future.  By truly practicing Buddhism, we will attain all that we wish for. 

This is similar to a tree blossoming and bearing fruits.  Only when we see the beautiful blossoms, will we believe there will be good fruits.  If the flower does not bloom, how can we believe there will be fruit?  Therefore, we have the Great Good Fortune Brightness Cloud following the Great Auspicious Brightness Cloud.  We must cultivate the cause before we can attain the effect.

The next guiding principle is represented by the Great Merit Brightness Cloud.  All Buddhas spent a long period of time, one hundred eons, cultivating good fortune after attaining Buddhahood.  Why?  A Buddha cannot help sentient beings if he himself does not have good fortune.  People will not believe in a teacher who talks of good fortune but obviously lacks it.  However, when the teacher has good fortune and explains that it comes from cultivation, then people will listen and follow his or her teachings.  Therefore, only if the teacher has good fortune and virtue in addition to wisdom can he or she help sentient beings.  Thus, the Buddha taught us to cultivate both good fortune and wisdom.  However, good fortune is different from merit in that merit helps us to transcend the cycle of birth and death.  We accumulate merit by practicing the Three Learnings of precepts or self-discipline, deep concentration and wisdom. 

In our practice, we need to rely on the next principle of The Great Refuge Brightness Cloud.  This is not what is usually thought of as taking refuge in the Triple Jewels of the Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha.  Rather, it is to return to and rely upon the Triple Jewels, the great perfection of our self-nature. 

The Great Praise Brightness Cloud symbolizes educating others about Buddhism, praising the perfect and infinite merits and virtue of the self-nature.  What does Buddhism teach us?  To attain our perfect self-nature.  Zen Buddhism often says that we should search for the original state of our perfect self-nature. 

In summary, Buddha Shakyamuni emitted light at the beginning of the Earth Treasure Sutra.  This light has many more infinite, boundless meanings than the ten brightness clouds discussed.  The first five brightness clouds are the Great Perfection of self-nature and the last five are the function of the self-nature.  These ten comprise the basis of the Buddha’s teachings and are to be found in many sutras, often represented by emissions of light.  Many people read of the brightness clouds without any real understanding of the profound meanings within.  Not only this sutra, but also all sutras start and flow from the Great Perfection.

 

The Great Perfection of Mahayana Buddhism 

The sequence of practice in Mahayana Buddhism is represented in China by the four Great Bodhisattvas: Earth Treasure of Jiuhua Mountain; Great Compassion of Putuo Mountain; Great Wisdom of Wutai Mountain; and Universal Worthy of Emei Mountain.

Earth Treasure means stored treasure of the great mother earth, which represents our mind.  Without the earth, nothing could survive.  So, the Buddha used the earth as a metaphor for our mind, which is the Great Perfection.  It encompasses infinite compassion, wisdom, intuitive wisdom, auspiciousness, good fortune, merit and virtue.  Therefore, all that the Buddha told us in the sutras is infinite, is the Great Perfection.  Understanding this will enable us to find the boundless meanings within. 

The Earth Treasure Sutra explains that we begin our learning and practice by being filial to our parents and respectful to our teachers and elders.  Buddhism is an education of honoring teachers and revering their teachings, which is based on the foundation of filial piety.  How can we expect a person who is not filial to his or her parents to respect his or her teachers?  A teacher, regardless of learning and capabilities, cannot impart knowledge to a student who does not respect or listen. 

Therefore, only when we honor teachers and revere their teachings can we truly succeed in our learning of Buddhism.  The Original Vow of Earth Treasure Bodhisattva Sutra is the sutra of the filial piety, which is the very heart of the Great Perfection.  All other perfections arise from it.  From here, we extend this loving and caring for parents to respecting teachers and elders. 

We keep expanding from here until we respect and care for all sentient beings without discrimination or attachment.  This is the enhancement and extension of Earth Treasure Bodhisattva and is the teaching of Great Compassion Bodhisattva.  Therefore, without filial piety, there would be no great compassion.  This is similar to building a house.  The second floor must be built upon the first floor.  In being filial to parents and showing compassion for all other beings, we should not use emotions.  Rather we need to base this compassion on rationale and wisdom.  Only in this way can we attain positive results. 

Next is Great Wisdom Bodhisattva, who symbolizes wisdom and Universal Worthy Bodhisattva who symbolizes the practice of filial piety, respect, compassion and wisdom in our daily lives.  If we practice these principles when interacting with others, handling matters and objects, then we ourselves are Universal Worthy Bodhisattva. 

The teachings of Universal Worthy Bodhisattva are perfect.  As the Flower Adornment Sutra tells us, we cannot attain Buddhahood if we do not follow this teaching.  Why?  This Bodhisattva is perfect in every thought, every vow and every deed.  Without true wisdom, the great vow of Universal Worthy Bodhisattva cannot be fulfilled.

These four great Bodhisattvas exemplify this understanding and represent the perfection of Mahayana Buddhism.  Therefore, from Earth Treasure Bodhisattva, we learn filial piety and respect, from Great Compassion Bodhisattva, we learn great compassion, from Great Wisdom Bodhisattva we learn great wisdom and from Universal Worthy Bodhisattva we learn the great vows and conduct.

The goal of the Buddha’s teachings?

The Buddhist Educational System 

What is the ultimate goal of the Buddha’s teachings?  It is to attain the Perfect, Complete Enlightenment.  Transliterated from Sanskrit, it is called Anuttara-samyak-sambodhi.  Out of respect, this phrase was maintained in its original form rather than translated.  There are three stages within this enlightenment; “Proper Enlightenment”, "Equal and Proper Enlightenment” and  “Perfect, Complete Enlightenment”.

The Buddha told us, that although scientists, philosophers and religious scholars may have reached a good understanding about life and the universe, this realization is neither complete nor proper.  Why?  Although they have obtained some understanding, they are far from having freedom from anxiety, from ending their afflictions.  They indulge themselves in the Five Poisons of greed, anger, ignorance, arrogance and doubt.  They remain mired in all the troubles of human relationships and are swayed by personal feelings.  In other words, they are human. 

If a person has severed greed, anger, ignorance, arrogance, doubt and afflictions, the Buddha will acknowledge this person as having attained the first level, that of Proper Enlightenment.  He or she will be called an Arhat, the initial academic degree in Buddhism.  Arhats differ from Buddhas in the way that they use their mind.  They use it in the same manner we do.  The difference is that we still have afflictions while Arhats do not.

The next higher level of enlightenment is that of Equal and Proper Enlightenment, represented by Bodhisattvas.  They resemble Buddhas in motivation but have not yet reached the same level of enlightenment.  The minds of Bodhisattvas are genuine; they remain forever unchanged and are similar to those of Buddhas.  Buddhas use the full and perfect true heart.  Buddhas represent the highest level of enlightenment, which is the Perfect Complete Enlightenment. 

In Buddhist classic literature, the perfect, true mind of a Buddha was symbolized by a full moon.  The mind of a Bodhisattva was symbolized by a crescent moon, which was neither full nor perfect.  And the mind of an arhat was symbolized by moonlight reflected from the surface of water, it is not real.

These three levels of enlightenment can be compared to our college educational system.  The level or degree of Arhat is similar to earning an undergraduate degree.  The level of Bodhisattva is similar to earning a Master’s degree and the level of Buddha is similar to earning a Doctorate’s degree.  The word Buddha is not exclusive to Buddha Shakyamuni, but is a common title for any being who has attained the perfect complete enlightenment.  Thus, Buddha, Bodhisattva and Arhat are only names or titles to represent the levels of enlightenment or a degree we receive in Buddhism.  And they are most certainly not deities to be worshiped.

So, a Buddha is one who has fully comprehended the truth of life and the universe and acquired the ultimate and perfect wisdom.  This is also the goal of Buddhist education; to enable beings to attain this same level of wisdom.  Therefore, Buddhism is an education of wisdom.

 

The Objectives of the Buddha’s Teachings 

The principle of Buddhism is to break through all superstitions and delusions.  It is to resolve delusion to attain happiness and enlightenment, to eliminate suffering to gain serenity and purity of mind.  What is delusion?  When we do not thoroughly and properly understand the phenomenon around us, we tend to be deluded and to have wrong ideas, which lead us to make mistakes.  Then we suffer ill consequences as a result.  However, if we have correct understanding about life and the universe, we will be free from mistakes in thought, judgement and behavior.  Then our result, or effect, will be favorable.  Thus, resolving delusion to attain enlightenment is the cause and eliminating suffering to attain happiness and purity is the effect.

Only through resolving superstition and delusion, can enlightenment be attained.  This is the objective of the Buddha’s teaching.  This wisdom will enable all beings to differentiate true from false, proper from improper, right from wrong and good from bad.  It can help us to establish a dynamic and caring attitude toward life and our surroundings.  So, we can clearly see that Buddhism is neither passive nor obsolete, nor is it retreating from society.  As said in the Buddha Speaks of the Infinite Life Sutra of Adornment, Purity, Equality and Enlightenment of the Mahayana School or the Infinite Life Sutra, Buddhism can perfectly solve all afflictions and problems.  It enables us to obtain true and ultimate benefits by creating fulfilling lives, happy families, harmonious societies, prosperous nations and a peaceful world.  These are the objectives of the Buddha’s teachings for our world now.  The ultimate objectives of abandoning all worries thus transcending the six realms are even more incredibly wonderful.  Therefore, we can see that it is an education that will enable us to attain truth, virtue, beauty, wisdom and genuine eternal happiness.( By Master Chin Kung)

Five forms of Buddhism

Currently, there are at least five forms of Buddhism.  The first form is the traditional Buddhism I have just discussed.  It is the education of the Buddha’s teachings.  This original form is rarely seen today.  The other four forms are deviations of this one.

The second form is religious Buddhism.  Although originally not a religion, it has become one in the past few hundred years.  Today, it is difficult to deny this.  Why?  The external form of Buddhism today is indeed that of a religion.  It is no longer the education found in a traditional way place where cultivators had up to sixteen hours a day for both lessons and cultivation.  The lessons included listening to lectures and discussions.  The cultivation session included either Buddha name chanting or sitting meditation.  Study and cultivation were used hand in hand to strive for the right and proper understanding and practice, to purify practitioner's minds and to eventually attain the state of enlightenment.

 Since the monks and nuns spent sixteen hours a day on study and cultivation, there was little time for discriminatory or wandering thoughts, and so achievement could be attained relatively quickly.  Unfortunately, this traditional form of Buddhism is seldom seen nowadays in way places for many of them have become a place to make offerings, to pray for blessings and to conduct memorial services.  It is little wonder that people regard Buddhism as a religion.

The third form is philosophical or academic Buddhism often found as a course in college.  This is inappropriate.  Why?  Buddhist education is a complete university in itself, including all branches of learning.  But now it is reduced to merely a philosophical discipline.  Regarding it as such, we miss the importance of the fact that the teachings are a necessity for all sentient beings.  Why?  Because these teachings can resolve all problems ranging from those in our current lives to those in the future, including even those of birth and death.  Buddhism's scope is broad and profound and regarding it as merely an academic field of study is frankly, another deviation.  These two forms cause no serious harm to society.  Religions try to encourage people to be good.  Philosophy strives to pursue truth and to gain knowledge. 

The fourth and most recent deviation is Buddhism as a show.  It consists of a few hours of music, singing and dancing with a short talk in between.  However, the fifth form is a deviation that has gone too far, that of the distortion of Buddhism into a cult.  This deviated form has appeared in the last thirty to forty years.  The exploitation of Buddhism by evil cults has gone too far.  In the name of Buddhism, they take advantage of the weaknesses of human nature, creating chaos by cheating and misleading people, endangering the safety of the public.  Some of their propaganda and deeds can sound extremely enticing and appealing.  However, if we join their activities, which doom us to ruin, by the time we realize our mistake, the damage will have already been done.  It will then be too late to regret.  Therefore, we need to choose wisely which form to practice in order to receive the true benefits. ( by Master Chin Kung)